Author, as appears in the article.: Herrero M; Rovira J; Esplugas R; Nadal M; Domingo JL
Department: Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques
URV's Author/s: Domingo Roig, José Luis / Esplugas Borràs, Roser / Nadal Lomas, Martí / Rovira Solano, Joaquim
Keywords: Trace elements Titanium-dioxide Textiles Swimsuits Spectrometry Skin Risk assessment Polyester Nylon Human exposure Formaldehyde Flame-retardants Cotton Contact Chemicals Aromatic amines swimsuits risk assessment human exposure formaldehyde aromatic amines
Abstract: © 2019 Elsevier Inc. Nowadays, most of the swimsuits are mainly made of artificial fibres, which have interesting properties such as water repellence and fast drying. Swimsuits contain a wide range of additives, which can mean a hazard for the environment and/or human health. In this study, the concentrations of formaldehyde (free and water soluble), 24 aromatic amines, and 28 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Sn, Tl, Ti, V and Zn) were analysed in 39 swimsuits covering a wide range of materials, colours and brands. Dermal exposure and health risks were assessed for adults (men and women) aged > 18 years old, babies between 2 and < 3 years old, children (boys and girls) between 3 and < 6 years old and 6 and < 11 years old, and teenagers (boys and girls) between 11 and < 16 years old, wearing swimsuits for 4 h or 8 h. Formaldehyde and aromatic amines were below their respective detection limits in all samples (<16 and < 1.5 mg/kg, respectively). Regarding trace elements, Ti showed the highest mean levels (1844 mg/kg), being significantly higher in polyamide (3759 mg/kg) than in polyester (24.1 mg/kg) swimsuits. These high Ti levels were confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope in a single sample made of polyamide. Increased concentrations of Cr were also observed, but only in polyamide black fabrics, with values ranging from 624 to 932 mg/kg. Non-cancer risks (hazard quotients) derived from the exposure to trace elements were in a safe zone for all analysed trace elements. Furthermore, the carcinogenic risks were evaluated for As, Cr and Pb, exhibiting values below the 10−5 threshold, with the exception of Cr in babies and children-girls. For Ti, health risks could not be calculated due to the lack of information on toxicological data. However, because Ti was the element with the highest concentrations in swimsuits, and taking into account the potential toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles, further research is needed to assess the migration of this element from fibres to skin.
Thematic Areas: Zootecnia / recursos pesqueiros Saúde coletiva Química Public, environmental & occupational health Public health, environmental and occupational health Psicología Planejamento urbano e regional / demografia Odontología Medicina iii Medicina ii Medicina i Materiais Interdisciplinar Geociências General medicine General environmental science Farmacia Environmental sciences Environmental science (miscellaneous) Environmental science (all) Ensino Engenharias iii Engenharias ii Engenharias i Enfermagem Educação física Direito Ciências biológicas iii Ciências biológicas ii Ciências biológicas i Ciências ambientais Ciências agrárias i Ciência de alimentos Biotecnología Biodiversidade Biochemistry Astronomia / física
licence for use: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
ISSN: 00139351
Author's mail: marti.nadal@urv.cat joaquim.rovira@urv.cat joseluis.domingo@urv.cat marti.nadal@urv.cat
Author identifier: 0000-0002-0217-4827 0000-0003-4399-6138 0000-0001-6647-9470 0000-0002-0217-4827
Record's date: 2024-07-27
Papper version: info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
Licence document URL: https://repositori.urv.cat/ca/proteccio-de-dades/
Papper original source: Environmental Research. 181 (108951): 108951-
APA: Herrero M; Rovira J; Esplugas R; Nadal M; Domingo JL (2020). Human exposure to trace elements, aromatic amines and formaldehyde in swimsuits: Assessment of the health risks. Environmental Research, 181(108951), 108951-. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108951
Entity: Universitat Rovira i Virgili
Journal publication year: 2020
Publication Type: Journal Publications
Repositori URV