Identificador: TDX:769
Autors: Espinosa Fernandez, Manuel Alejandro
Resum:
Natural and synthetic organic polymers are inherently combustible and in presence of heat and oxygen source burn easy and quickly. Although in the last years there has been an increment in the number of heteroatoms used in flame retardant compounds, the market is still dominated especially by compounds that contain halogens, like chlorine and bromine. These compounds are exceptionally troops but they have the shortcommings as the increase in the quantities of smoke and toxic gases and corrosive decomposition products that come off during the polymer combustion. As alternative to these a new class of thermostable resins chemically based in 3,4-dyhidro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines has arisen. Its synthesis is of great simplicity and it is carried out by formaldehyde condensation with phenols in presence of aromatic amines in a fixed molar relationship. At the same time another of the approaches used recently has been the use of organophosphorated compounds that have demonstrated good capacity like flame retardants for epoxy resins because they generate less toxic gases and smoke that the halogenated compounds. The general objective of this work has been the development of new fire retardant thermosettings systems, keeping the material properties and environmentally friendly. The goals is to improve the good properties of some standard materials, phenolic and epoxy resins, but introducing the non inflammability character by means of new ignifugation systems, based on phosphorous and nitrogen, alternative to the classic halogenated systems widely used at the present time. The synthesis and characterization of novolac resin systems modified in different proportions with benzoxazine rings, using a new synthetic method based on the use of 1,3,5-triphenilhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine has been carried out. Their thermal behavior has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry as well as the influence that catalysts have in the ring opening reaction of benzoxazine rings. The thermal stability of these compounds has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis under nitrogen and air atmosphere. These systems show good thermal stability, and the chemical modification seem not to influence the thermal properties. Materials with good mechanical integrity have been obtained from the novolac-benzoxazine resins. Dynamomechanical analysis allowed us to establish qualitative relationships of crosslinking density and modification degree. V-O and V-1 were obtained when the materials were tested to according to the UL-94 V flammability test.Moreover, in this work, two epoxyphosphorated compounds have also been synthesized to modify novolac and novolac-benzoxazine systems and to study its thermal, mechanical and fireproof properties: 10-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPOGly), and an aliphatic diglycidilic compound that contains phosphine oxide moieties in its structure, isobutylbis(glycidylpropylether) phosphine oxide (IHPOGly). These glycidylic compounds do not contain hydrolytically unstable bonds and possess phosphine oxide moieties in their structure. Novolac and novolac-benzoxazine resins crosslinked with DOPOGly and IHPOGly lead to systems with different phosphorous content and different crosslinking density. By means of thermogravimetric analysis it has been shown that the incorporation of C-P bonds in these systems diminishes their thermal stability. Moreover the char yield at 800ºC increased with the phosphorous content under air atmosphere, while it do not undergo significative changes under nitrogen atmosphere. Novolac-epoxy phosphorated systems show lower degradation rate at high conversion degrees than the non-phosphorous systems according to the formation of an intumescent char. The novolac-benzoxazine-epoxy systems show a complex decomposition mechanism that cannot be related to the presence of phosphorous. Like in novolac-benzoxazine systems, for the novolac-benzoxazine-DOPOGly systems we have been able to establish qualitative relationships of crosslinking levels. For novolac-IHPOGly and novolac-benzoxazine-IHPOGly systems the glass transition temperature have been measured by DMA. Moreover secondary relaxations that have been observed and related to the chemical structure of the materials. Finally, the addition of organophosphorated compounds to novolac and novolac-benzoxazine systems improves its flame retardancy and degrees V-0 according to the UL-94 V test have been reached.
Repositori URV