Identifier: TDX:1858
Authors: Cerezo Román, Jesús
Abstract:
The interest in low capacity absorption chillers driven by low temperature heat sources has increased in the last years. The development of these machines requires high efficiencies of heat and mass transfer processes taking place in the main components, namely, the absorber, generator, and rectifier. This work was carried out in the framework of a research project entitled 'Development of advanced component for the design and manufacturing of low capacity absorption refrigeration machines with NH3-H2O', funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.<br/>The subject of this thesis deals with a theoretical and experimental study of the bubble absorption process in a plate heat exchanger using the working fluid ammonia-water. A one-dimensional model of a bubble absorber was developed, based on the discretization of a corrugated plate heat exchanger of three channels, where absorption takes place in the central one. The mathematical formulation is based on heat and mass balances, heat and mass transfer equations, as well as equilibrium conditions for each control volume. Heat and mass transfer coefficients and other physical parameters of the model were estimated from empirical correlations available in the open literature. The results provide mainly longitudinal profiles of temperature, concentration and flow rate of each stream, vapor absorption rate, and absorber thermal load. Besides, a comparison of the model predictions was performed for the working fluid NH3-LiNO3, which permits to eliminate rectification in the absorption machine and decrease the heat source temperature.<br/>An experimental test bench was layout and set-up to characterize the real behavior of the absorber at different operating conditions and flow configurations, and to generate an experimental database of the absorption process. Experiments were carried out using a corrugated plate heat exchanger with three channels (model NB51, type L), provided by Alfa Laval. The operating conditions considered were: absorber pressure about 2 bar, absorption temperature range from 32.4 to 38.4 °C, inlet solution mass concentration from 29 to 33 %, and different temperatures of the solution entering the absorber. The results achieved for the absorption flux were in the range 0.002 - 0.007 kg/m2 s, the solution heat transfer coefficient varied between 2.7 and 6.8 kW/m2 K, the absorber thermal load from 0.46 to 1.32 kW, while the absorber mass efficiency was in the range 0.30 - 0.62. <br/>The experimental data were used to evaluate the predictive capacity of the theoretical model developed. In spite of its simplicity, the model is able to well interpret the effect of the different operation variables on the absorber performance parameters; though the deviation in the results for absorption flux and absorber thermal load can reach 50%. The predictive capacity of the model can be improved if the correlations used for heat and mass transfer coefficients are specific for the working fluid and flow configuration.<br/>Using the experimental data achieved in this work for heat transfer coefficient and absorption flux, a preliminary thermal design of a bubble absorber with a plate heat exchanger was performed for a 6 kW ammonia-water absorption chiller.
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