The Hydroformylation Reaction: from Covalent to Supramolecular Approaches and Operando Kinetic Studies

Identifier:  TDX:3061

Handle: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11797/TDX3061

Authors:  Martínez Carrión, Alicia

Abstract:
The rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1,1΄-disubstituted allenes was described employing bisphosphite ligands with a distal regulation site. The use of alkali metal BArF salts as regulation agents enhanced the formation of β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes (up to a 60% increase), proving the supramolecular regulation principle of the catalytic system. Cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation of terminal and internal octenes in presence of Xantphos as ligand have displayed a high selectivity towards the formation of aldehydes. The control of the regioselectivity by the reaction temperature and the constant ratio in the different regioisomers led us to hypothesize that a tandem isomerization-hydroformylation transformation was taking place under optimized conditions. Furthermore, the hydroformylation of a mixture of octene isomers was reported with excellent aldehyde selectivity and diminished formation of side-products. Overall, the methodology may be suitable for industrial application. Moreover, the use of supramolecularly regulated ligands with distal regulation site enabled the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroformylation of aryl vinyl ethers, with high catalytic activity, regioselectivity and enantiomeric ratio (up to 88% conv, >99:1 b/l ratio and 97:3 er). Complexation studies revealed the formation of inactive catalytic species and a variation in the distribution of catalytic species based on the regulation agent used. Finally, kinetic studies of the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroformylation of vinyl acetate with a supramolecularly regulated bisphosphite complex were performed. The use of Variable Time Normalization Analysis allowed for the elucidation of the rate-determining step early in the catalytic cycle. Real kinetic profiles in the absence of catalyst induction periods observed during the reaction were also obtained.