Identifier: TDX:331
Authors: Juraske, Ronnie
Abstract:
The overall goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the development of best available practice in fate and the exposure assessment of pesticides for evaluating their impacts on human health and ecosystems. Environmental models used in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) relate emissions to impacts by combining fate and exposure estimates with toxicological assessment data. Pesticides released to air, water, soil and plants enter the human body through food commodities, particularly through the ingestion of arable parts of plants. Therefore, specific methods to assess the presence of residues in agricultural products are of importance for human exposure assessment. This raises the following questions:1. How can the fate (from air and soil) of pesticides in/on plants cultivated in greenhouses be measured and modelled? How does dynamic behaviour affect the final residues in arable parts of plants?2. How can the degradation of pesticides on plant surfaces and within plants be measured and modelled? 3. How can a substance specific half-life in/on plants be estimated from soil degradation data using extrapolation routines?4. How can a risk indicator for comparative assessment of pesticides be developed using fate, exposure, and toxicity characteristics?After a short introduction to environmental assessment approaches and the specific problems related to the application of pesticides and their characteristics in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 proposes an approach for modelling pesticide residues in greenhouse tomato plants. This fate and exposure model considers the time between pesticide application and harvest, the time between harvest and consumption, the absorption of spray deposit on plant surfaces, transfer properties through the cuticle, degradation inside the plant and loss due to food processing. The model is validated with experimental data which was obtained from field trials conducted in the Catalan Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries; IRTA) in Cabrils (Barcelona). Human intake fractions of pesticides due to ingestion of tomatoes representing a realistic scenario of human exposure to pesticide residues in foods are presented.In Chapter 3, two generic estimation routines for substance specific half-lives of pesticides (i) on plant surfaces and (ii) within plants to be used in fate and exposure models are presented. First, an extrapolation routine for the estimation of pesticide half-lives on plant surfaces based on a conversion factor from half-lives of pesticides in soil is proposed. Furthermore, a tentative estimation method for the calculation of metabolism half-lives of pesticides in inner parts of plants based on experimental data is presented.Chapter 4 presents a follow-up of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. Previous results are combined with new experimental assessment to measure the uptake, translocation and persistence behaviour of pesticides in tomato fruits treated by (i) standard foliar spray application and (ii) soil application using direct localised drip irrigation into root zone. A dynamic root uptake model for pesticides aiming at the estimation of time dependent contaminant concentrations in fruits is proposed. Finally, experimental results are compared with model estimates in terms of human population intake fractions of pesticides. These investigations aim to evaluate the environmental performance of pesticides when the same active ingredient is applied to crops by different application techniques. Chapter 5 illustrates the development of a new method entitled PestScreen, to calculate the relative risk level of pesticides with the aim of ranking them from lowest to highest degree of concern. The approach is an estimation method of relative risk levels and allows comparing environmental and human health risks of specific pesticide types through their ranking. The method is developed to serve as an analytical tool in screening and identification of pesticides of environmental concern used in agriculture. PestScreen incorporates both the toxic effects of pesticides and their fate and exposure characteristics in different compartments of the environment. This is done by combining measures of chemical toxicity pertaining to both human health and the environment with chemical release amounts and information on overall environmental persistence, long-range transport potential and human population intake fractions. In Chapter 6 the most important results are summarized and recommendations for further research are discussed.
Repositori URV