Human exposure to trace elements, aromatic amines and formaldehyde in swimsuits: Assessment of the health risks

Autor segons l'article: Herrero, Marta; Rovira, Joaquim; Esplugas, Roser; Nadal, Marti; Domingo, Jose L

Departament: Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques

Autor/s de la URV: Domingo Roig, José Luis / Esplugas Borràs, Roser / HERRERO PRADO, MARIA DEL CARMEN / Nadal Lomas, Martí / Rovira Solano, Joaquim

Paraules clau: Trace elements; Titanium-dioxide; Textiles; Swimsuits; Spectrometry; Skin; Risk assessment; Polyester; Nylon; Human exposure; Formaldehyde; Flame-retardants; Cotton; Contact; Chemicals; Aromatic amines; swimsuits; risk assessment; human exposure; formaldehyde; aromatic amines

Resum: © 2019 Elsevier Inc. Nowadays, most of the swimsuits are mainly made of artificial fibres, which have interesting properties such as water repellence and fast drying. Swimsuits contain a wide range of additives, which can mean a hazard for the environment and/or human health. In this study, the concentrations of formaldehyde (free and water soluble), 24 aromatic amines, and 28 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Sn, Tl, Ti, V and Zn) were analysed in 39 swimsuits covering a wide range of materials, colours and brands. Dermal exposure and health risks were assessed for adults (men and women) aged > 18 years old, babies between 2 and < 3 years old, children (boys and girls) between 3 and < 6 years old and 6 and < 11 years old, and teenagers (boys and girls) between 11 and < 16 years old, wearing swimsuits for 4 h or 8 h. Formaldehyde and aromatic amines were below their respective detection limits in all samples (<16 and < 1.5 mg/kg, respectively). Regarding trace elements, Ti showed the highest mean levels (1844 mg/kg), being significantly higher in polyamide (3759 mg/kg) than in polyester (24.1 mg/kg) swimsuits. These high Ti levels were confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope in a single sample made of polyamide. Increased concentrations of Cr were also observed, but only in polyamide black fabrics, with values ranging from 624 to 932 mg/kg. Non-cancer risks (hazard quotients) derived from the exposure to trace elements were in a safe zone for all analysed trace elements. Furthermore, the carcinogenic risks were evaluated for As, Cr and Pb, exhibiting values below the 10−5 threshold, with the exception of Cr in babies and children-girls. For Ti, health risks could not be calculated due to the lack of information on toxicological data. However, because Ti was the element with the highest concentrations in swimsuits, and taking into account the potential toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles, further research is needed to assess the migration of this element from fibres to skin.

Àrees temàtiques: Zootecnia / recursos pesqueiros; Saúde coletiva; Química; Public, environmental & occupational health; Public health, environmental and occupational health; Psicología; Planejamento urbano e regional / demografia; Odontología; Medicina iii; Medicina ii; Medicina i; Materiais; Interdisciplinar; Geociências; General medicine; General environmental science; Farmacia; Environmental sciences; Environmental science (miscellaneous); Environmental science (all); Ensino; Engenharias iii; Engenharias ii; Engenharias i; Enfermagem; Educação física; Direito; Ciências biológicas iii; Ciências biológicas ii; Ciências biológicas i; Ciências ambientais; Ciências agrárias i; Ciência de alimentos; Biotecnología; Biodiversidade; Biochemistry; Astronomia / física

Accès a la llicència d'ús: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/

ISSN: 00139351

Adreça de correu electrònic de l'autor: roser.esplugas@urv.cat; joaquim.rovira@urv.cat; joseluis.domingo@urv.cat; marti.nadal@urv.cat

Data d'alta del registre: 2025-01-08

Versió de l'article dipositat: info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Enllaç font original: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935119307480?via%3Dihub

URL Document de llicència: https://repositori.urv.cat/ca/proteccio-de-dades/

Referència a l'article segons font original: Environmental Research. 181 (108951): 108951-

Referència de l'ítem segons les normes APA: Herrero, Marta; Rovira, Joaquim; Esplugas, Roser; Nadal, Marti; Domingo, Jose L (2020). Human exposure to trace elements, aromatic amines and formaldehyde in swimsuits: Assessment of the health risks. Environmental Research, 181(108951), 108951-. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108951

DOI de l'article: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108951

Entitat: Universitat Rovira i Virgili

Any de publicació de la revista: 2020

Tipus de publicació: Journal Publications