Identificador: TDX:774
Autores: Fontanals Torroja, Núria
Resumen:
The presence of pollutants and their monitoring in water is one of the most active research topics in environmental surroundings. In the methods to determine these pollutants it is necessary to include a pre-treatment technique in order to achieve the as low detection limits as the legislation requires. Among the different techniques, solid phase extraction (SPE) is the most widely applied pre-treatment technique due to its advantages and versatility. In SPE, the type of sorbent is one of the main research fields, because the sorbents developed so far (silica-based, carbon or conventional polymeric) present some limitations, mainly concerning to the concentration of polar compounds.<br/>In the present Doctoral Thesis we developed five series of sorbents, which combine properly the properties of polymeric sorbents with polarity and high specific surface area. These properties make the sorbents suitable for the extraction of polar compounds from aqueous samples. <br/>The first series of sorbents synthesized are copolymers from a polar monomer, which property is translated into the resulting resin, and a crosslinking agent, which contribute in the increase of the specific surface area. These sorbents are macroporous resins of 4-vinylpyridine-divinylbenzene (4VP-DVB), N-vinylimidazole-divinylbenzene (NVIm-DVB) and 4-vinylimidazole-divinylbenzene (4VIm-DVB), and also a hydrophobic resin of styrene-divinylbenzene (St-DVB).<br/>All these resins were prepared by suspension polymerization. The optimal conditions in the procedure were achieved by progressively modifying the initial ratio of monomers, and also the different parameters (mixture of porogens, type of initiator, temperature, etc.) that affect in the suspension polymerization. Finally, we obtained a sorbent from each series that contain a suitable relation of hydrophilicity and high specific surface area.<br/>After the synthesis of the resins, the retention properties of each resin were evaluated in SPE on-line connected to liquid chromatography (HPLC) for a group of polar analytes. <br/>These evaluations let us to conclude that a polymeric sorbent that properly combine a hydrophilic character and high specific surface area, and, therefore, both types of interactions (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) presents better efficiency in the extraction of polar compounds. <br/>In view of these results, the next aim was to synthesize resins with higher specific surface area and with certain degree of hydrophilicity. For this proposes, we used the post-crosslinking reaction, with which we obtained two resins with hypercrosslinked nature, but with differences in the specific surface area and hydroxyl content. <br/>The recoveries of these new synthesized resins were compared to the ones of chemically modified resins and commercial ones (with hydrophilic character or hydrophobic with hypercrosslinked nature), and the best results in SPE of polar compounds were for the new synthesized sorbent with hypercrosslinked nature, high specific surface area and hydrophilic character. The high retention of this sorbent can be attributed to the addition of high number of - interactions (due to the high specific surface area), polar interactions (polar groups in the polymer) and, also, the hypercrosslinked nature, which generate a characteristic micropore morphology which become more accessible in the interaction with the analytes. <br/>Another part of this Thesis was the application of these new synthesized sorbents in the on-line SPE-HPLC to determine a group of polar compounds in several real water samples, such as tap, river and waste treatment plant water. The results from the analyses in real water samples were similar than those in standard solution. Moreover, the analytical parameters (linearity, detection limits, reproducibility, etc.) were satisfactory.
Repositori URV